Meaning
Links a cause to a natural result that is usually outside the speaker's control.
Formation
- The cause goes into the て or で form: 風邪をひいて, 道が込んでいて
- No request, order or intention in the second clause
When to use it
- Core use
- A cause expressed with the te-form
Example
風邪をひいて学校を休みました
I caught a cold and missed school.
Important notes
- Pay attention to the word form before the construction and to the particles around it.
Common mistakes
- Do not translate the pattern word for word; first identify its function in the whole situation.