Meaning
Vます+込む adds one of two shades to a verb: 1) motion or action into something (飛び込む 'jump into', 書き込む 'write in'); 2) an action or state one sinks into fully and for a long time (考え込む 'be lost in thought', 黙り込む 'fall silent and stay silent'). It is neither 混む 'be crowded' nor をこめて 'with feeling'.
Formation
- Group 1 verb: Vます+込む: 飛ぶ → 飛び込む (jump into), 黙る → 黙り込む (fall silent)
- Group 2 verb: Vます+込む: 詰める → 詰め込む (cram in), 信じる → 信じ込む (firmly believe)
- Where the action goes (meaning 1) is marked with に: 川に飛び込む, 用紙に書き込む
- 込む conjugates as a group 1 verb — 考え込んだ, 考え込んで, 寝込んでいる, 持ち込めない
When to use it
- Where to use it
- 1) For moving or putting something inside: プールに飛び込む, かばんに荷物を詰め込む, 機内に持ち込む. 2) For a deep or prolonged state: 一人で考え込む, 夜遅くまで話し込む, 風邪で三日寝込む, 今朝は冷え込む.
- Where not to use it
- Grammar: the combinations are lexical, so 込む cannot be freely added to any verb (✗食べ込む for 'eat it all'; use 食べきる). Some combinations are separate words: 申し込む 'apply', 振り込む 'transfer money', 見込む 'expect'. Style: 黙り込む and 考え込む more often describe someone from the outside (彼は黙り込んだ); they are also used about yourself (つい考え込んでしまった), and 寝込む about yourself is completely ordinary.
Examples
20 sentences-
暑かったので、子どもたちは川に飛び込んだ。
It was hot, so the kids jumped into the river.
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旅行かばんに、服を無理やり詰め込んだ。
I crammed my clothes into the suitcase by force.
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ここに、お名前とご住所を書き込んでください。
Please write your name and address in here.
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窓のすき間から、冷たい風が入り込んでくる。
A cold draft keeps seeping in through the gap in the window.
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飲み物は持ち込んでもいいですか?
Is it okay to bring our own drinks in?
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父は手紙を読んだあと、黙り込んでしまった。
After reading the letter, my father fell silent and stayed that way.
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何をそんなに考え込んでいるの?
What are you brooding over so deeply?
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今朝は、この冬いちばん冷え込みました。
This morning was the coldest of the winter so far.
12 more examples
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風邪をひいて、三日も寝込んでしまいました。
I caught a cold and was laid up in bed for three whole days.
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ネットの情報を、すぐに信じ込まないほうがいい。
You shouldn't swallow everything you read online right away.
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順番を守って、列に割り込まないでください。
Please wait your turn and don't cut in line.
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大雨で、川の水が道路に流れ込んだ。
Because of the heavy rain, river water flowed onto the road.
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森の中で、きれいな空気を胸いっぱいに吸い込んだ。
In the forest, I took a deep breath of the clean air.
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雨が降ってきたから、洗濯物を取り込んでくれる?
It's started raining — could you bring the laundry in?
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人が多すぎて、電車に乗り込めなかった。
There were too many people, and I couldn't get onto the train.
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カフェで友達と話し込んで、終電を逃してしまった。
I got so caught up talking with a friend at a café that I missed the last train.
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試合に負けて、弟はすっかり落ち込んでいる。
My younger brother lost the match and is really down.
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カレーは弱火でじっくり煮込むと、おいしくなります。
Curry tastes better if you let it simmer slowly over low heat.
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彼は、自分が正しいと思い込んでいる。
He's firmly convinced that he's right.
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兄は今、新しい研究に打ち込んでいる。
My older brother is now completely absorbed in his new research.
Important notes
- In meaning 2 there is often a sense that the state has gone on or gone too far: 信じ込む 'be convinced (without noticing the mistake)', 思い込む 'get something into one's head'.
- 混む is an independent verb meaning “be crowded”: 電車が混んでいる. It does not attach to a ます-stem.
Common mistakes
- ✗ プールに飛んで込んだ → ✓ プールに飛び込んだ — 込む attaches to the ます-stem, not the te-form.
- ✗ 川を飛び込んだ → ✓ 川に飛び込んだ — the place you move into is marked with に.
- ✗ 気持ちを込んで手紙を書いた → ✓ 気持ちを込めて手紙を書いた — 'put feeling into' is transitive 込める (をこめて), not the suffix 込む.
Check yourself
Pick the translation of each sentence. The wrong options translate similar patterns, so watch the grammar rather than the words.
Similar grammar
- ~をこめてをこめて (込める) means 'putting feeling into' — 心をこめて書く; it is a transitive verb with を. Vます+込む is a suffix meaning 'into' or 'deeply'.
- ~きる・~きれない~きる means using up the whole amount (使いきる); ~込む in meaning 2 means sinking deeply into an action (考え込む).
- Vます + 出す~出す means 'out' or 'start' (飛び出す 'dash out'); ~込む means 'in' (飛び込む 'jump in').
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