Meaning
Vない stem + ずに means "without doing" — a more formal, restrained version of ないで. Vず、 is a written link "not…, and…" that can mean either "without doing" or a cause (like なくて). For する, the forms are せずに/せず.
Formation
- Group 1 verbs: Vない stem + ずに — 言わない → 言わずに
- Group 2 verbs: 食べない → 食べずに
- する → せずに (not しずに) — 勉強する → 勉強せずに
- 来る → 来ずに (こずに) — 来ない → 来ずに
- Written link: Vない stem + ず、 — 降らない → 降らず、
When to use it
- Where to use it
- News, letters, stories, business speech and set phrases: 何も言わずに出ていった, 遠慮せずに質問してください, 雨が降らず、….
- Where not to use it
- ずに primarily means “without doing”; for “because… not” use なくて or, in writing, ず、. Causal ずに also occurs. In relaxed conversation ないで is more usual.
Examples
20 sentences-
朝ご飯を食べずに、家を出た。
I left the house without eating breakfast.
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彼は何も言わずに、部屋を出ていった。
He left the room without saying a word.
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辞書を使わずに、この記事を読めますか?
Can you read this article without a dictionary?
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昨夜は勉強せずに寝てしまった。
Last night I ended up going to bed without studying.
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誰にも相談せず、一人で決めてしまった。
I made the decision on my own, without consulting anyone.
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結局、彼は来ず、連絡もなかった。
In the end, he didn't come and didn't get in touch either.
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雨がほとんど降らず、野菜の値段が上がっている。
There has been hardly any rain, so vegetable prices are going up.
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傘を持たずに出かけたら、雨に降られました。
I went out without an umbrella and got caught in the rain.
12 more examples
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その問題は解決されず、今も残っている。
That problem was never solved and still remains today.
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よく考えずに返事をすると、後で困りますよ。
If you answer without thinking it through, you'll regret it later.
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疲れていたので、化粧も落とさずにベッドに入った。
I was so tired that I went to bed without even taking off my makeup.
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説明書を見ずに、棚を組み立てた。
I put the shelf together without looking at the instructions.
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台風は東京には来ずに、北へ進んだ。
The typhoon didn't reach Tokyo and moved north instead.
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宿題をせずに遊びに行ったら、母に怒られた。
I went out to play without doing my homework, and my mom scolded me.
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予約せずに行ったが、運よくすぐに座れた。
We went without a reservation, but luckily we got a table right away.
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無理をせずに、ゆっくり休んでくださいね。
Don't push yourself — get some good rest, okay?
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親に知らせずに、一人で旅行に行くの?
You're going on a trip alone without telling your parents?
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電車が動かず、多くの人が駅で待っていた。
The trains weren't running, so lots of people were waiting at the station.
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彼女は大学に進学せず、すぐに働き始めた。
She didn't go on to university and started working right away.
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メモを取らずに聞いていたら、大事なことを忘れてしまった。
I listened without taking notes and ended up forgetting something important.
Important notes
- Common phrases: 遠慮せずに "don't hold back", 迷わずに "without hesitating", 休まずに "without a break".
- ず、 in the middle of a sentence is a sign of written style: 雨が降らず、野菜が高い.
- なくて expresses a cause (“because… not”) or a contrast; the main meaning of ずに is “without / instead of doing”. For a cause, ず、 (without に) or なくて is standard; causal ずに (連絡がつかずに困っている) also occurs.
Common mistakes
- ✗ 勉強しずに寝てしまった → ✓ 勉強せずに — する uses the special stem せ before ず.
- ✗ 食べないずに出かけた → ✓ 食べずに — ず attaches to the stem (食べ-), not to the ない form.
- ✗ 何も言わなくて、部屋を出た (meaning "without a word") → ✓ 言わずに — なくて expresses a cause, not "without doing".
Check yourself
Pick the translation of each sentence. The wrong options translate similar patterns, so watch the grammar rather than the words.
Similar grammar
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