Meaning
Replace non-past ます/ません with ました/ませんでした to talk politely about the past.
Formation
- Verb stem + ました: 行きました, 食べました.
- Verb stem + ませんでした: 行きませんでした, 食べませんでした.
When to use it
- Completed action
- Politely says that an action happened and was completed in the past.
- Action that did not happen
- Says that an action was not performed during the stated past time.
Examples
16 sentences-
昨日映画を見ました
I watched a film yesterday.
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朝ご飯を食べました
I ate breakfast.
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先週京都へ行きました
I went to Kyoto last week.
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昨日は勉強しませんでした
I did not study yesterday.
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朝コーヒーを飲みませんでした
I did not drink coffee this morning.
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日曜日は働きませんでした
I did not work on Sunday.
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小さな荷物を運びました
I carried the small luggage.
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青い封筒を選びました
I chose a blue envelope.
8 more examples
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古い雑誌を捨てました
I threw away the old magazines.
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台所の窓を開けました
I opened the kitchen window.
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旅行の写真を見ました
I looked at the travel photos.
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短い手紙を書きました
I wrote a short letter.
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友達の話を聞きました
I listened to my friend's story.
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駅の名前を覚えませんでした
I did not memorize the station name.
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家の鍵を探しませんでした
I did not look for the house key.
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晩ご飯の準備をしませんでした
I did not prepare dinner.
Important notes
- Words such as 昨日 and 先週 make the time explicit, but the ending already marks grammatical past tense.
Common mistakes
- Do not say 行きますでした; the correct single form is 行きました.
- Do not confuse verbal ませんでした with copular ではありませんでした after nouns.
Check yourself
Pick the translation of each sentence. The wrong options translate similar patterns, so watch the grammar rather than the words.
Similar grammar
Hear it in podcasts
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